What is multiple sclerosis?
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, directly impacting the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective sheath around the nerves, known as myelin, leading to a disruption in the transmission of nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
This disruption may appear in the form of scattered symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, or even difficulty in movement. The disease does not progress in the same way for all patients-some go through long periods of remission, while others experience gradual deterioration.
What are the causes of multiple sclerosis?
There are several common causes of multiple sclerosis, including:
- Immune system dysfunction that leads to attacking myelin
- Genetic factors that increase susceptibility
- Previous infections with viruses such as Epstein-Barr
- Vitamin D deficiency and insufficient exposure to sunlight
- Obesity, especially during childhood
- Smoking
- Presence of other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes or psoriasis
- Imbalance in beneficial gut bacteria
What are the common symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
Patients may experience several common symptoms, including:
- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
- Muscle weakness and difficulty walking
- Partial or complete vision loss, often in one eye
- Double or blurred vision
- Dizziness or vertigo
- Bladder or bowel problems
- Severe fatigue
- Mood or cognitive changes
- Difficulty with balance or motor coordination
- Electric shock like sensation when bending the neck, known as Lhermitte's sign
When should you see a doctor?
It is recommended to consult a doctor immediately if any of the following occur:
- Sudden vision loss or double vision
- Severe weakness in the limbs or difficulty moving
- Episodes of dizziness or loss of balance
- Sudden problems with urination or bowel movements
- Noticeable changes in thinking or memory
- Recurring or unexplained neurological symptoms
How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?
The disease is diagnosed using several methods, including:
- MRI scans: to detect areas of myelin damage in the brain and spinal cord
- Spinal fluid analysis: to identify signs of inflammation or immune activity
- Evoked potential tests: to measure nerve response speed
- Neurological clinical examination: to assess motor, sensory, and cognitive functions
- Exclusion of similar diseases: since MS symptoms may overlap with other neurological conditions, accurate diagnosis is essential
What are the treatment options for multiple sclerosis?
There are several treatment options for the disease, including:
- Immune modifying drugs: such as Interferon beta to reduce relapses
- Corticosteroids: to alleviate acute attacks
- Physical therapy: to improve movement and balance
- Occupational therapy: to assist with daily activities
- Medications for accompanying symptoms: such as antispasmodics or antidepressants
- Psychological therapy: to help patients cope with the disease and related stress
Can multiple sclerosis be cured?
There is currently no definitive cure for multiple sclerosis, but symptoms can be managed and quality of life significantly improved.
This depends on the type of disease, speed of diagnosis, treatment response, and adherence to the treatment plan.
Some patients live nearly normal lives for long periods, especially in relapsing-remitting MS cases.
What are the prevention tips for multiple sclerosis?
Here are some tips to help reduce the risk of developing the disease:
- Maintain adequate vitamin D levels
- Exercise regularly
- Avoid smoking
- Follow a healthy diet
- Reduce stress and psychological pressure
- Consult a doctor if unexplained neurological symptoms appear
What are the possible complications of multiple sclerosis?
If left untreated, multiple sclerosis may lead to complications such as:
- Weakness or paralysis in limbs
- Cognitive and memory problems
- Mood disorders such as depression
- Bladder or bowel issues
- Seizures (rare)
- Severe or painful muscle spasms
Frequently asked questions about multiple sclerosis
Is multiple sclerosis hereditary?
Not directly, but genetic factors play a role.
Does MS affect age?
It usually begins between ages 20 and 40.
Can symptoms disappear completely?
Yes, in some cases there are periods of complete remission.
Does MS affect pregnancy?
Women can become pregnant, but should coordinate with their doctor.