what is leukemia?
Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells, which are responsible for defending the body against infections. Normally, these cells are produced in a controlled manner from the bone marrow, but in leukemia, the body starts producing abnormal white blood cells in large quantities.
These abnormal cells do not function properly and begin to accumulate in the blood and bone marrow, crowding out healthy cells and affecting vital body functions. The types of leukemia vary depending on how fast they develop and which cells are affected. It can affect both children or adults.
what are the causes of leukemia?
There are several common causes of leukemia, including:
- Genetic factors or mutations that affect blood cell development
- Exposure to high levels of radiation, such as nuclear accidents or radiation therapy
- Chronic exposure to certain chemicals like benzene
- Previous cancer treatment with chemotherapy
- Certain genetic syndromes like Down syndrome
- Weak immune system or chronic autoimmune diseases
what are the symptoms of leukemia?
There are several common symptoms that patients may experience, including:
- Severe fatigue and general weakness that doesn't improve with rest
- Frequent bleeding or easy bruising
- Recurrent infections in the throat, skin, or respiratory system
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fever or night sweats
- Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
- Bone or joint pain
- Pale skin or shortness of breath
when should you see a doctor?
It is advised to see a doctor immediately if any of the following occur:
- Persistent fatigue or weakness for days without a clear reason
- Frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums
- Unexplained blue or purple bruises
- Rapid and unexplained weight loss
- Recurrent fever
- Noticeable swelling in the neck, underarms, or abdomen
- Severe bone or joint pain
how is leukemia diagnosed?
Leukemia is diagnosed using several methods, including:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): reveals the number of white and red blood cells and platelets, and shows the presence of immature cells
- Bone Marrow Biopsy: a sample is taken to analyze the type and spread of cancerous cells
- Genetic and Cytogenetic Tests: detect mutations or chromosomal changes like the Philadelphia chromosome
- Additional Tests: such as CT scans or MRI to determine the extent of the disease
what are the treatment options for leukemia?
There are several treatment options for leukemia, including:
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Bone marrow or stem cell transplant
- Targeted therapy (such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors)
- Immunotherapy (such as CAR-T or monoclonal antibodies)
can leukemia be cured?
Yes, some types of leukemia can be cured, especially if detected early and treated with an appropriate plan.
Cure rates vary depending on the type of leukemia, the patient's age, and how well the body responds to treatment.
Some chronic types can be controlled for many years with continuous treatment.
what are the complications of leukemia?
Some complications may occur if the disease is left untreated, such as:
- Severe anemia
- Frequent and serious infections
- Internal or external bleeding
- Bone marrow failure
- Spread of cancer cells to other organs
- General immune system weakness
common questions about leukemia
Does treatment cause hair loss?
Yes, some chemotherapy drugs may cause temporary hair loss.
Can leukemia affect pregnancy?
Yes, and it should be discussed with a doctor to plan the right time and treatment.
Are there routine tests for early detection?
There are no specific screening tests, but regular checkups help detect it early if symptoms appear.
Can leukemia be inherited?
Rarely, but a family history may increase the risk.